Chronic Kidney Disease
The session Chronic Kidney Disease covers
- CKD: Fibrosis and Extracellular Matrix CKD
- Chronic Kidney Disease–Mesoamerican Nephropathy
- Anemia
- Bone and Mineral Metabolism
- Epidemiology, Outcomes and Health Service Research in CKD
- Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis, Classification and Progression
- Cardiovascular Complications of CKD 3-5
- Acid Base and Electrolyte Abnormalities
- CKD Mineral and Bone Disorder
- Chronic Kidney Disease–Diseases and Drugs
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When chronic kidney disease reaches an advanced stage, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body.
In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you may have few signs or symptoms. Chronic kidney disease may not become apparent until your kidney function is significantly impaired.
Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of the kidney damage, usually by controlling the underlying cause. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.
Symptoms
Chronic kidney failure, as opposed to acute kidney failure, is a slow and gradually progressive disease. Even if one kidney stops functioning, the other can carry out normal functions. It is not usually until the disease is fairly well advanced and the condition has become severe that signs and symptoms are noticeable; by which time most of the damage is irreversible.
It is important that people who are at high risk of developing kidney disease have their kidney functions regularly checked. Early detection can significantly help prevent serious kidney damage.
The most common signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease include:
Anemia
Blood in urine
Dark urine
Decreased mental alertness
Decreased urine output
Edema - swollen feet, hands, and ankles (face if edema is severe)
Fatigue (tiredness)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Insomnia
Itchy skin, can become persistent
Loss of appetite
Male inability to get or maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction)
More frequent urination, especially at night
Muscle cramps
Muscle twitches
Nausea
Pain on the side or mid to lower back
Panting (shortness of breath)
Protein in urine
Sudden change in bodyweight
Unexplained headaches
Stages
Changes in the GFR rate can assess how advanced the kidney disease is. In the UK, and many other countries, kidney disease stages are classified as follows:
Stage 1 - GFR rate is normal. However, evidence of kidney disease has been detected.
Stage 2 - GFR rate is lower than 90 milliliters, and evidence of kidney disease has been detected.
Stage 3 - GFR rate is lower than 60 milliliters, regardless of whether evidence of kidney disease has been detected.
Stage 4 - GRF rate is lower than 30 milliliters, regardless of whether evidence of kidney disease has been detected.
Stage 5 - GFR rate is lower than 15 milliliters. Renal failure has occurred.
The majority of patients with chronic kidney disease rarely progress beyond Stage 2. It is important for kidney disease to be diagnosed and treated early for serious damage to be prevented.
Patients with diabetes should have an annual test, which measures microalbuminuria (small amounts of protein) in urine. This test can detect early diabetic nephropathy (early kidney damage linked to diabetes).
What causes chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Anyone can get CKD. Some people are more at risk than others. Some things that increase your risk for CKD include:
Diabetes
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Heart disease
Having a family member with kidney disease
Being African-American, Hispanic, Native American or Asian
Being over 60 years old
Return to top
Symptoms of chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) usually gets worse slowly, and symptoms may not appear until your kidneys are badly damaged. In the late stages of CKD, as you are nearing kidney failure (ESRD), you may notice symptoms that are caused by waste and extra fluid building up in your body.
You may notice one or more of the following symptoms if your kidneys are beginning to fail:
Itching
Muscle cramps
Nausea and vomiting
Not feeling hungry
Swelling in your feet and ankles
Too much urine (pee) or not enough urine
Trouble catching your breath
Trouble sleeping
If your kidneys stop working suddenly (acute kidney failure), you may notice one or more of the following symptoms:
Abdominal (belly) pain
Back pain
Diarrhea
Fever
Nosebleeds
Rash
Vomiting
Having one or more of any of the symptoms above may be a sign of serious kidney problems. If you notice any of these symptoms, you should contact your doctor right away.
Complications of CKD
Your kidneys help your whole body work properly. When you have CKD, you can also have problems with how the rest of your body is working. Some of the common complications of CKD include anemia, bone disease, heart disease, high potassium, high calcium and fluid buildup. Learn more about the complications of CKD.
Stages of CKD
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to all 5 stages of kidney damage, from very mild damage in Stage 1 to complete kidney failure in Stage 5. The stages of kidney disease are based on how well the kidneys can do their job – to filter waste and extra fluid out of the blood. Learn more about the stages of CKD.
How can I prevent CKD?
Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, working with your doctor to keep your blood sugar and blood pressure under control is the best way to prevent kidney disease.
Living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent diabetes, high blood pressure and kidney disease, or help keep them under control. Follow these tips to lower your risk for kidney disease and the problems that cause it:
Follow a low-salt, low-fat diet
Exercise at least 30 minutes on most days of the week
Have regular check-ups with your doctor
Do not smoke or use tobacco
Limit alcohol
How do I know if I have CKD?
CKD usually does not have any symptoms until your kidneys are badly damaged. The only way to know how well your kidneys are working is to get tested. Being tested for kidney disease is simple. Ask your doctor about these tests for kidney health:
eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate)
The eGFR is a sign of how well your kidneys are cleaning your blood.
Your body makes waste all the time. This waste goes into your blood. Healthy kidneys take the waste out of your blood. One type of waste is called creatinine. If you have too much creatinine in your blood, it might be a sign that your kidneys are having trouble filtering your blood.
You will have a blood test to find out how much creatinine is in your blood. Your doctor will use this information to figure out your eGFR. If your eGFR is less than 60 for three months or more, you might have kidney disease.
Urine test
This test is done to see if there is blood or protein in your urine (pee).
Your kidneys make your urine. If you have blood or protein in your urine, it may be a sign that your kidneys are not working well.
Your doctor may ask you for a sample of your urine in the clinic or ask you to collect your urine at home and bring it to your appointment.
Blood pressure
This test is done to see how hard your heart is working to pump your blood.
High blood pressure can cause kidney disease, but kidney disease can also cause high blood pressure. Sometimes high blood pressure is a sign that your kidneys are not working well.
For most people a normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 (120 over 80). Ask your doctor what your blood pressure should be.
How is CKD treated?
Damage to your kidneys is usually permanent. Although the damage cannot be fixed, you can take steps to keep your kidneys as healthy as possible for as long as possible. You may even be able to stop the damage from getting worse.
Control your blood sugar if you have diabetes.
Keep a healthy blood pressure.
Follow a low-salt, low-fat diet.
Exercise at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.
Keep a healthy weight.
Do not smoke or use tobacco.
Limit alcohol.
Talk to your doctor about medicines that can help protect your kidneys.
If you catch kidney disease early, you may be able to prevent kidney failure. If your kidneys fail, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive.
Kidney-friendly diet for CKD
You need to have a kidney-friendly meal plan when you have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Watching what you eat and drink will help you stay healthier. A kidney-friendly diet may also help protect your kidney from further damage by limiting certain foods to prevent the minerals in those foods from building up in your body. Learn more about the kidney-friendly diet for CKD.
Other Kidney Organizations
- American Association of Kidney Patients
- UKD Foundation, Inc.
- The Nephron Information Center
- The Nephcure Foundation
- The Kidney Transplant Dialysis Association
- Renal Support Network
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Foundation
- National Kidney Disease Education Program
- National Kidney & Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Kidney School
- Kidney Options
- Home Dialysis Central
- Fresenius Medical Care
- Dialysis Patient Citizens
- Davita
- American Transplant Foundation
- American Renal Associates
- American Kidney Fund
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
- AHRQ Patient Safety Network (PSNet)
- American College of Nutrition (ACN)
- American Kidney Fund (AKF)
- American Nephrology Nurses' Association (ANNA)
- American Society for Artificial Internal Organs (ASAIO)
- American Society of Diagnostic & Interventional Nephrology (ASDIN)
- American Society of Nephrology (ASN)
- American Society for Parenteral and Enternal Nutrition (ASPEN)
- American Society of Pediatric Nephrology (ASPN)
- American Society of Transplantation (AST)
- American Society of Transplant Surgeons (ASTS)
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health (formally the URREA)
- Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)
- AV Fistula First Breakthrough Coalition (FFBI)
- Board of Nephrology Examiners, Inc. Nursing and Technology (BONENT)
- California Dialysis Council (CDC)
- Canadian Association of Nephrology Nurses and Technologists (CANNT)
- Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)
- Center for Practical Bioethics
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- Dialysis Safety
- Division of Laboratory Systems (DLS)
- Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI)
- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP)
- National Institutes for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- Viral Hepatitis
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
- Consolidated Renal Operations in a Web-Enabled Network (CROWNWeb)
- DialysisData.org
- ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project (CPM)
- Centre for Health Evidence (CHE)
- Chronic Disease Research Group (CDRG)
- Department of Health - UK (DH)
- The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS)
- ECRI - (Healthcare Technology Assessment)
- eHealth Initiative
- End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Networks
- ESRD Network Organizations Background from CMS
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- European Renal Association - European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA)
- European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association (EDTNA/ERCA)
- European Society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN)
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Vaccines, Blood & Biologics
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
- Healthcare Information and Management Systems (HIMSS)
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)
- Understanding HIPAA Privacy
- International Health Care Worker Safety Center (also EPINet™)
- International Society for Hemodialysis (ISHD)
- International Society for Nephrology Technicians and Technologists (ISNTT)
- International Society of Nephrology (ISN)
- International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD)
- Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
- Keeping Kidney Patients Safe
- The Kidney & Urology Foundation of America (KUFA)
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO™)
- Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI™)
- Kidney Disease Quality of Life Working Group (KDQOL)
- Kidney Foundation of Canada
- Lupus Foundation of America (LFA)
- Management Sciences for Health (MSH)
- Medicare
- Medicare and Kidney Disease Education
- Coverage of Kidney Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Services (Adobe Acrobat Reader required)
- Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC)
- The National Anemia Action Council (NAAC)
- National Association for Nephrology Technicians/Technologists (NANT)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
- National Foundation for Transplants
- National Guideline Clearinghouse (evidence-based clinical practice guidelines)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)
- National Institutes for Occumpational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- National Kidney Foundation (NKF)
- National Kidney Foundation (UK site)
- National Kidney Registry
- National Kidney Research Fund (UK site)
- National Patient Safety Agency (UK site)
- National Patient Safety Foundation
- National Quality Forum (NQF)
- National Renal Administrators Association (NRAA)
- National Vascular Access Improvement Initiative (Fistula First)
- Nephrology Nursing Certification Commission (NNCC)
- North American Transplant Coordinators Organization (NATCO)
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention
- Workplace Violence
- OrganDonor.gov
- Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Foundation
- Quackwatch
- Renal Physicians Association (RPA)
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR)
- Sepsis Alliance
- S.L.E. Lupus Foundation
- Spanish Society of Dialysis and Transplantation (Sociedad Española de Diálisis y Trasplante) (SEDYT)
- TransWeb (All about transplantation and donation) (opens new browser window)
- UK Renal Registry
- United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)
- U.S. Federal Government: President, Senate, House of Representatives, Thomas
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Senate Finance Committee, Subcommittee on Health
- House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee, Subcommittee on Health
- US Renal Data System (USRDS)
- Vascular Access Society
- CKD: Fibrosis and Extracellular Matrix CKD
- Chronic Kidney Disease–Mesoamerican Nephropathy
- Anemia
- Bone and Mineral Metabolism
- Epidemiology, Outcomes and Health Service Research in CKD
- Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis, Classification and Progression
- Cardiovascular Complications of CKD 3-5
- Acid Base and Electrolyte Abnormalities
- CKD Mineral and Bone Disorder
- Chronic Kidney Disease–Diseases and Drugs
Related Conference of Chronic Kidney Disease
23rd International Conference on Nephrology, Urology and Therapeutics
14th European Congress on Nephrology, Internal Medicine and Kidney Diseases
Chronic Kidney Disease Conference Speakers
Recommended Sessions
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Cardiovascular-Kidney Diseases
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- CKD -Mineral and Bone Disorders
- Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases
- Dialysis and Renal Care
- Drugs for Kidney Diseases
- Fluid, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Disorders
- Geriatric-Genetic Kidney Diseases
- Glomerular-Tubulointerstitial Disorders
- Kidney
- Kidney and Bladder stones
- Kidney Cancer
- Kidney Transplantation
- Nephrology Nursing
- Pediatric Nephrology
- Renal Nutrition
- Renal Pathology-Immunology
- Urology and Urinary Tract Infections
Related Journals
Are you interested in
- Acute Kidney Injury - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Acute Kidney Injury: Causes and Interventions - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Advanced Imaging & 3D Mapping in Renal Medicine - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Aging Populations and Geriatric Epidemiology - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Health in Nephrology - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Renal Diagnostics - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Analytics in Kidney Care - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Artificial Intelligence in Nephrology - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Artificial Intelligence in Renal Diagnostics - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Autoimmune Kidney Diseases - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Autoimmune Renal Diseases and Vasculitis - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Biomarkers and Molecular Mechanisms in Renal Diseases - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Biomarkers in Kidney Disease - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Biomarkers of Kidney Diseases - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome and Multisystem Impact - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Cardiorenal Syndrome - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Cardiovascular Impact of Kidney Disease - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Chronic Kidney Disease - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Global Epidemiology & Prevention - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Management - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Climate Change and Environmental Health - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Clinical Nephrology - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Clinical Nephrology - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Clinical Nephrology and Diagnostic Approaches - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Clinical Trials and Research in Nephrology - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- CRISPR Innovations for Kidney Disorders - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- CRISPR Innovations in Nephrology - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Critical Care Nephrology - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Diabetic Kidney Disease and Metabolic Syndromes - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Diabetic Nephropathy - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Diabetic Nephropathy - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Diabetic Nephropathy - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Diabetic Nephropathy and Metabolic Syndrome - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Diagnostic, Imaging and Radiation Techniques - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Dialysis - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Dialysis – Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Diet for Kidney Health - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Digital Health & Renal Biomarkers - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Digital Health and Epidemiological Data Science - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Digital Health Innovations and Biomarker Development - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Drugs for Kidney Diseases - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Drugs used in the treatment of Kidney Diseases - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Electrolyte & Fluid Balance in Kidney Disorders - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Emerging Therapies for Polycystic Kidney Disease - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Environmental and Occupational Nephrology - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Environmental Impacts on Kidney Health - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Environmental Risk Factors and Kidney Disease - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Epidemiology and the Global Burden of Kidney Diseases - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Ethical Considerations in Kidney Transplantation - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Ethics and Policy in Nephrology - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Ethics and Policy in Renal Medicine - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Ethics in Kidney Transplantation - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders in Nephrology - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Genetic and Inherited Kidney Disorders - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Genetic and Rare Kidney Disorders - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Genetics and Hereditary Renal Disorders - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Genomic Epidemiology and Precision Public Health - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Geriatric Nephrology - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Geriatric Nephrology - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Geriatric Nephrology and Aging Populations - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Geriatric Nephrology: Managing the Aging Kidney - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Global Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Glomerular Disease - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Glomerular Diseases and Immune Mechanisms - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Glomerular Diseases and Management - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Health Systems and Policy Research - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Hematology in Kidney Health - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Hereditary Kidney Disorders - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Hypertension & Kidney Health - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Hypertension and Kidney Health - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Hypertension and Kidney Interactions - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Hypertension and Renal Vascular Disorders - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Hypertension associated with Kidney Diseases - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Imaging Modalities in Kidney Disease Diagnosis - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Immunology and Inflammatory Kidney Diseases - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Immunomodulation and Targeted Therapies for Glomerular Diseases - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Immunomodulatory & Targeted Therapies for Glomerular Diseases - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Infection and Immunity in Renal Diseases - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Infections and Renal Complications - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Infectious Diseases and Pandemic Preparedness - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Renal Fibrosis - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Innovations in Dialysis Technology - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Innovations in Home-Based Renal Therapy: Smart Dialysis Devices - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Innovations in Nephrology Devices and Technology - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Innovations in Polycystic Kidney Disease Management - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Innovative Dialysis Modalities - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Kidney and Bladder Cancer - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Kidney Diseases & Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Kidney Failure - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Kidney Stones - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Kidney Stones - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Kidney Transplantation - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Kidney Transplantation - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Kidney Transplantation - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Kidney Transplantation and Long-Term Care - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Kidney Transplantation and Organ Preservation - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Kidney Transplantation: Advances & Ethical Considerations - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Kidney-on-a-Chip for Drug Testing - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Kidney-on-a-Chip Technology - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Mental Health and Behavioral Epidemiology - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Mental Health in Nephrology Patients - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Migration, Displacement, and Global Health - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Mineral and Bone Disorders in CKD - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Nanomedicine in Renal Therapeutics - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Nanotechnology in Kidney Therapeutics - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Nephrology - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Nephrology - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Nephrology and Cardiovascular Comorbidities - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Nephrology Nursing - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Nephrology Nursing - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Nephrology Nursing and Allied Health Roles - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Nephrology Nursing and Patient Care - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Nephrotic Syndrome - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Nephrotoxicity and Drug-induced Kidney Injury - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Non-Communicable Diseases: Prevention and Control - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Nutrigenomics and Personalized Diet in Kidney Health - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Nutrition and Lifestyle in Kidney Health - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Nutrition and Lifestyle in Kidney Health - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Nutrition and Public Health - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Nutritional Genomics and Personalized Renal Dietetics - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Occupational and Industrial Epidemiology - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Patient-Centered Care and Advocacy - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Pediatric and Geriatric Nephrology - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Pediatric Nephrology - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Pediatric Nephrology - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Pediatric Nephrology - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Pediatric Nephrology and Congenital Disorders - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Pediatric Nephrology and Developmental Disorders - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Pediatric Nephrology and Developmental Nephrology - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Pediatric Nephrology: Growing Concerns in Children - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Renal Therapeutics - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Pharmacogenomics in Drug Metabolism & Kidney Function - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Pharmacogenomics in Renal Drug Response - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Pharmacogenomics in Renal Therapeutics - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Pharmacological Approaches in Kidney Disease - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Pharmacology and Nephrotherapeutics - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Post-Infectious and Acute Glomerular Syndromes - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Precision Medicine in Kidney Care - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Public Health and Kidney Disease Prevention - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Public Health Preparedness and Emergency Response - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Regenerative Medicine and Kidney Tissue Engineering - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapies - World Nephrology 2026 (Netherlands)
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering in Nephrology - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Renal Disease in the Elderly Population - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Renal Nutrition - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Renal Nutrition and Dietary Management - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Renal Nutrition and Metabolism - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Renal Oncology – Kidney Cancers and Tumors - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Renal Pathology & Immunology - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Renal Pathology and Diagnostic Imaging - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Renal Pathology and Immunology - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Renal Replacement Therapy & Future Trends - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Robotic Kidney Transplantation - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Robotic Surgery - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Smart Home Dialysis Devices - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity - EPIDEMIOLOGY-2025 (Netherlands)
- Sophisticated Imaging: 3D Mapping and Evaluation - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Stages of Kidney Diseases - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering in Nephrology - EURO NEPHROLOGY 2025 (Italy)
- Stem Cell Research in Nephrology - NEPHROLOGY ASIA 2026 (UAE)
- Stem cells in Renal Disorders - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Stem Cells in Renal Disorders - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Technological Advancements in Nephrology - Euro Nephrology Summit 2026 (France)
- Technological Innovations in Nephrology - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Telemedicine and Home Dialysis Advancements - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- The End Stage Renal Diseases & Chronic Kidney Diseases - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Urological Disorders with Renal Impact - Nephrology Summit 2025 (Italy)
- Urology - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)
- Urology / Urinary Tract Infections - Kidney Care 2026 (UK)
- Urology and Kidney Stone Management - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Women’s Health and Kidney Disorders - Nephrology 2025 (France)
- Women’s Health and Pregnancy - KIDNEY MEET 2026 (UK)